Dealing With Depression – What Causes Depression: There is no single cause of depression. Causes vary from one person to another, and can occur through a combination of factors, some of which some people are more prone to. There are many different views regarding the causes of depression, and these include genetic, biological and biochemical, environmental, personal experience and psychological factors.
Dealing With Depression - Upsetting or stressful life events
Events or experiences that happen to individuals during life are the most obvious causes of depression to others, as they are a visible, external, outward cause of depression.
For example, ill health, the loss of a job, the end of a relationship or the death of someone you love can cause you to feel depressed. Those who suffer from one or more chronic physical illnesses (such as stroke, heart attack, cancer or Parkinson’s disease) are more prone to depression.
Adverse family or childhood experiences also increase a person’s risk of developing depression in later life, as such background experiences often lead to low self-esteem and/or stress which increases the likelihood of depression.
Dealing With Depression - Behaviour
Behaviourists believe that our moods and actions have been learned; conditioned. This means that the habits that we have – the habits which hinder, rather than help us – cause a state of depression. The habits to which they are referring may be ‘emotional’ habits or ‘doing’ habits.
For example, if someone takes a driving test and fails, they might find that the experience was so unpleasant hat they avoid taking the test in future.
This is a form of ‘learned’ helplessness.
The person would be able to pass the test at a later date as their competence increases, but they have mistakenly interpreted the experience from the past and are now avoiding the same (or similar) situation. The resulting sense of helplessness is one of the symptoms of depression.
The abuse of alcohol depletes essential chemicals in the brain, whilst misusing drugs affects the functioning of the brain. Both these can cause depression, which can result in a spirallingly downward, bad situation.
Dealing With Depression - Physiology
Another cause of depression is linked to the concept that emotion is created by motion. Our feelings are influenced by the way we use our bodies. Therefore, our physiology – our posture, our breathing, our movement and even our expressions – affects how we feel.
When we slump forward, look downwards and wear a sad expression, we are probably not feeling that great – and conversely, when we feel a bit low, we slump forward, look downwards and wear a sad expression.
Even moderate exercise regulates blood sugar levels and releases endorphins, which enhances and improves mood.
Dealing With Depression - Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive therapists believe that your thoughts and attitudes create and influence your feelings – and that certain types of thinking leads to negative moods and can cause depression.
For example, if someone thinks “My problem will never go away” they will feel the emotion of helplessness.
Or, that someone with a perfectionist attitude would think (amongst other things) that they must be extremely successful at work, remain at their ideal weight and be positive all the time.
However, if they do not reach the targets they have set themselves, they will feel that they have failed. Consequently, if the person thinks “I am a failure” despite the fact that they certainly are not, they may start to feel depressed.
If someone has low self-esteem or they are overly self-critical, this can have a profound effect on the mood they experience.
Dealing With Depression - Biological view
The theory that traits may be inherited is put forward by proponents of the biological view. For example, if a parent (or both) has suffered from depressive tendencies, such a tendency may be inherited by their children.
Another biological view is that the make-up of our brain chemistry greatly affects how we feel. The right balance and levels of chemicals in the brain are required in order for us to feel, and stay, happy. If these chemicals are not present in the correct amounts, then we can find ourselves likely to be in a low mood and/or depressed.
The two most important neuro-transmitters are serotonin and dopamine. Serotonin makes us feel secure and calm, whilst dopamine is needed for us to feel motivated to take action.
If the brain’s neuro-transmitters perform inadequately, there may be insufficient neuro-chemical supplies for correct brain functioning, which can lead to depression. Performance is affected by factors such as uptake speeds and quality and quantity of receptors, which can be altered or damaged by factors such as lifestyle behaviour. The hormonal, physical and lifestyle changes involved with pregnancy leave some women particularly vulnerable to post-natal depression.
A poor diet, deficient in the essential vitamins, minerals and fatty acids required to maintain brain health and regulate mood can be a cause of depression.
Dealing With Depression - Sensitive Temperament
Someone who has a sensitive temperament may be more likely to suffer stress. Over time, the affects of stress can deplete certain neurotransmitters – which can then lead to depression. Those who are much more easily overwhelmed by stress are at higher risk of suffering depression.